4 results
Dietary patterns associated with kidney function decline and incident chronic kidney disease in the general population: the LifeLines cohort study
- Qingqing Cai, Louise Dekker, Martin Borst, Gerjan Navis
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E603
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Nutrition strongly impacts the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, reduced rank regression (RRR) has emerged as a method that identifies dietary patterns in an exploratory way while using prior knowledge to select a set of response variables. The aim of this study was to identify a specific dietary pattern associated with renal function using RRR, and to evaluate its association with CKD incidence. We included 78,350 participants from the LifeLines population-based cohort in the Northern Netherlands. All participants were free of CKD (defined as eGFRCKD-EPI < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) at baseline and completed a second visit four years later. Dietary intake was ascertained with a 110-item food frequency questionnaire. The dietary pattern, stratified by sex, was constructed cross-sectionally by RRR, with eGFR as a response variable. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the association between dietary patterns score and CKD incidence or an eGFR decline of ≥ 20%, adjusted for potential confounders. Among women, the eGFR-associated dietary pattern was characterized by high intake of eggs, low-fat and high-fat cheese, and legumes and low consumption of sweetened dairy drinks, desserts, cake and cookies, sweet sandwich toppings, white meat, and commercially prepared dishes. The male dietary pattern was characterized by high consumption of high-fat and low-fat cheese, bread, full-fat milk, fruits, vegetables, beer, and low consumption of white and red meat. After a mean follow-up of 3.9 years, 7,612 participants experienced a > 20% eGFR decline and 2,072 participants developed CKD. The eGFR-based diet was associated with a lower risk of eGFR decline (OR 4th vs 1st quartile, women: 0.84 [95% CI 0.76–0.92]; men: 0.74 [0.65–0.84] and of incident CKD (women: 0.60 [0.50–0.73] ; men: 0.52 [0.41–0.66]). The results provide support for potential diet interventions to prevent renal function decline and CKD. RRR may be a useful tool to identify dietary patterns that affect renal function loss and CKD development.
Simulation of Millisecond Laser Anneal on SOI: A Study of Dopant Activation and Mobility and its Application to Scaled FinFET Thermal Processing
- Tyler J Michalak, Chris Borst, Dan Franca, Josh Herman, Martin Rodgers
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1562 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 June 2013, mrss13-1562-cc06-08-dd10-08
- Print publication:
- 2013
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This work investigates scanning laser annealing used for ultra-shallow junction (USJ) activation. We investigate the laser system via simulation to determine the peak temperature achieved in the active area during processing. We employed the Sentaurus TCAD software by Synopsys to perform a 2D simulation of a laser scans across the active area of the device, solving the heat equation in both time and space. An absorber layer is deposited on the wafer surface to enhance the absorption of incident energy and reduce SOI reflectivity. An effective absorption coefficient of α=8000cm-1 was calculated for the absorber layer, calibrated with the experimental laser intensity. This absorption coefficient correctly predicts the silicon temperature as a function of power with any arbitrarily defined scan speed. To investigate the role of dopant activation, an SOI wafer was implanted with arsenic 25 keV, dose 3e15 /1.5e15 cm-2 and laser annealed in areas of target temperatures ranging from 850-1300°C. The sheet resistance was measured using 4-point probe showing sheet resistance improvement with increasing laser temperature. The extracted temperature cycle from the 2D heat simulation was used as an equivalent millisecond RTA in a full 3D process simulation to study dopant distribution and activation using Sentaurus Process Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), considering the effect of dopants, dopant clusters, and point defects. The results of this simulation demonstrate deactivation of arsenic above 1050°C, which is inconsistent with Hall measurements that suggest increasing laser temperature will increase mobility and activation. The results are analyzed versus the expected trends and suggest future improvements needed to the KMC model or the laser temperature profiles in order to describe activation kinetics in millisecond anneals within SOI.
Field astrobiology research in Moon–Mars analogue environments: instruments and methods
- B.H. Foing, C. Stoker, J. Zavaleta, P. Ehrenfreund, C. Thiel, P. Sarrazin, D. Blake, J. Page, V. Pletser, J. Hendrikse, S. Direito, J.M. Kotler, Z. Martins, G. Orzechowska, C. Gross, L. Wendt, J. Clarke, A.M. Borst, S.T.M. Peters, M.-B. Wilhelm, G.R. Davies, ILEWG EuroGeoMars 2009 Team
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Astrobiology / Volume 10 / Issue 3 / July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2011, pp. 141-160
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We describe the field demonstration of astrobiology instruments and research methods conducted in and from the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah during the EuroGeoMars campaign 2009 coordinated by ILEWG, ESA/ESTEC and NASA Ames, with the contribution of academic partners. We discuss the entire experimental approach from determining the geological context using remote sensing, in situ measurements, sorties with sample collection and characterization, analysis in the field laboratory, to the post sample analysis using advanced laboratory facilities.
We present the rationale for terrestrial field campaigns to strengthen astrobiology research and the link between in situ and orbital remote sensing data. These campaigns are supporting the preparation for future missions such as Mars Science Laboratory, ExoMars or Mars Sample Return. We describe the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign conducted by MDRS crew 76 and 77, focused on the investigation of surface processes in their geological context. Special emphasis was placed on sample collection and pre-screening using in-situ portable instruments. Science investigations included geological and geochemical measurements as well as detection and diagnostic of water, oxidants, organic matter, minerals, volatiles and biota.
EuroGeoMars 2009 was an example of a Moon–Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites. We discuss in sequence: the campaign objectives and trade-off based on science, technical or operational constraints. This includes remote sensing data and maps, and geological context; the monitoring of environmental parameters; the geophysical context and mineralogy studies; geology and geomorphology investigations; geochemistry characterization and subsurface studies.
We describe sample handling (extraction and collection) methods, and the sample analysis of soils and rocks performed in the MDRS laboratory using close inspection, initial petrological characterization, microscopy, Visible-NIR spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soil analysis, electrochemical and biological measurements.
The results from post-mission analysis of returned samples using advanced facilities in collaborator institutes are described in companion papers in this issue. We present examples of in-situ analysis, and describe an example investigation on the exploration and analysis of endolithic microbial mats (from reconnaissance, in-situ imaging, sampling, local analysis to post-mission sample analysis).
Are there separate ON and OFF channels in fly motion vision?
- Martin Egelhaaf, Alexander Borst
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- Journal:
- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 8 / Issue 2 / February 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 June 2009, pp. 151-164
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Visual information is processed in a series of subsequent steps. The performance of each of these steps depends not only on the computations it performs itself but also on the representation of the visual surround on which it operates. Here we investigate the consequences of signal preprocessing for the performance of the motion-detection system of the fly. In particular, we analyze whether the retinal input signals are rectified and segregate into separate ON and OFF channels, which then feed independent parallel motion-detection pathways. We recorded the activity of an identified directionally selective interneuron (HI-cell) in response to apparent motion stimuli, i.e. sequential brightness changes at two neighboring locations in the visual field, as well as to brightness changes at only a single location. For apparent motion stimuli, the motion-dependent response component was determined by subtracting from the overall response the responses to the individual stimulus components when presented alone. The following conclusions could be derived: (1) Apparent motion consisting of a sequence of increased or decreased brightness at two locations in the visual field have the same optimum interstimulus time interval (Fig. 3). (2) Sequences of brightness steps of like polarity (either increments or decrements) elicit positive and negative motion-dependent response components when mimicking motion in the cell's preferred and null direction, respectively. The motion-dependent response components are inverted in sign when the brightness steps of a stimulus sequence have a different polarity (Fig. 7). (3) The responses to the beginning and the end of a brightness pulse depend on the pulse duration. For pulse durations of less than 2 s, both events interact with each other (Fig. 9). All of these results do not provide any indication that the fly processes motion information in independent ON and OFF motion detectors. Brightness changes of both signs are rather represented at the input of the same movement detectors, and interactions between signals resulting from both brightness increments and decrements take their sign into account. This type of preprocessing of the retinal input is argued to render a motion-detection system particularly robust against noise.